Lady Macbeth is the True villain :: Macbeth essays

Woman Macbeth is the True miscreant         In the Shakespearian play 'Macbeth', it is by all accounts that each one imagines that Macbeth is the miscreant. In any case, in undeniable reality Lady Macbeth is the villain.  Lady Macbeth utilizes her shrewdness and tricky abilities to over force Macbeth into executing King Duncan. At the point when Lady Macbeth gets the letter enlightening her concerning the witches' predictions, she quickly imagines that she and Macbeth should execute King Duncan. She calls Macbeth to kind to slaughter King Duncan and saying that   Is to ful o' the milk of human generosity to get the closest way Woman Macbeth-Act 1 scene V.         Lady Macbeth realizes that King Duncan must be slaughtered for Macbeth to become ruler, woman Macbeth fells to female to be ensnared in this decimation so she proceeds to request that the divine beings fill her with heartlessness and detest yet to at present have the prophylactic forces to bamboozle an unassuming person like Macbeth.   Come, you spirits that tend on moral considerations, unsex me here, What's more, fill me, from the crown to the toe, Top-loaded with direst remorselessness.  Make thick my blood. Woman Macbeth-Act 1 scene V   This entry shows Lady Macbeth requesting that the divine beings fill her with all heartlessness and hate to submit the executing of King Duncan yet to have external tricky characteristics to see others like Macbeth himself.   Woman Macbeth is getting confounded that Macbeth is declining to murder King Duncan and she can't carry out the wrongdoing her self in light of the fact that obviously King Duncan takes after a lot of like her dad. She fells that Macbeth isn't a man and she derides and attempts to convince him to murder King Duncan by saying that he isn't a man and that the best way to turn into a man is to slaughter the lord (regicide).   At the point when Macbeth won't execute King Duncan he fells that it's an inappropriate activity and he wont have the option to live with the blame and he however to him self why slaughter somebody that has been acceptable so acceptable to me? Macbeth is torn to the part where his better half's adoration is more essential to him than perpetrating horrendous wrongdoing. Woman Macbeth is the True miscreant :: Macbeth expositions Woman Macbeth is the True miscreant         In the Shakespearian play 'Macbeth', it is by all accounts that each one imagines that Macbeth is the scoundrel. Be that as it may, in established truth Lady Macbeth is the villain.  Lady Macbeth utilizes her guile and tricky abilities to over force Macbeth into slaughtering King Duncan. At the point when Lady Macbeth gets the letter informing her regarding the witches' predictions, she promptly imagines that she and Macbeth should slaughter King Duncan. She calls Macbeth to kind to murder King Duncan and saying that   Is to ful o' the milk of human thoughtfulness to get the closest way Woman Macbeth-Act 1 scene V.         Lady Macbeth realizes that King Duncan must be executed for Macbeth to become ruler, woman Macbeth fells to ladylike to be involved in this decimation so she proceeds to request that the divine beings fill her with savagery and detest however to even now have the prophylactic forces to trick an unobtrusive person like Macbeth.   Come, you spirits that tend on moral considerations, unsex me here, What's more, fill me, from the crown to the toe, Top-brimming with direst mercilessness.  Make thick my blood. Woman Macbeth-Act 1 scene V   This entry shows Lady Macbeth requesting that the divine beings fill her with all savagery and hate to submit the murdering of King Duncan yet to have external beguiling characteristics to see others like Macbeth himself.   Woman Macbeth is getting confounded that Macbeth is declining to murder King Duncan and she can't carry out the wrongdoing her self on the grounds that clearly King Duncan looks like an excessive amount of like her dad. She fells that Macbeth isn't a man and she disparages and attempts to convince him to execute King Duncan by saying that he isn't a man and that the best way to turn into a man is to murder the ruler (regicide).   At the point when Macbeth will not slaughter King Duncan he fells that it's an inappropriate activity and he wont have the option to live with the blame and he however to him self why murder somebody that has been acceptable so acceptable to me? Macbeth is torn to the part where his significant other's affection is more critical to him than perpetrating horrible wrongdoing.

Brand, Why are famous brand products attractive people Essay

Brand, Why are popular brand items alluring individuals - Essay Example â€Å"Brands are not just items or administrations. Brands are the entireties of the considerable number of pictures that individuals have in their minds about a specific organization and a specific imprint. Brands ingest everything around them like Imelda Marcos in the shoe office at Nordstrom† (Scott Bedbury, CEO of Brandstream, a Seattle-based promoting consultancy, cited in Kalin, 2001). Without a doubt the term has come to allude to not just the pictures an organization creates so as to bring their item or administrations to mind, yet in addition the items sold, the administrations rendered, the structure wherein the organization is headquartered or even the nation where it started just as the strategies used to extend these thoughts and pictures to the more extensive open. To stay serious on the planet today, pretty much anything can be related to a brand in the event that it is so picked †organizations, exhibition halls, medical clinics, even unique individuals (ta ke a gander at Martha Stewart for a prime model). At the point when administrations are amazing, items surpass desires, lines are sought after and the open knows your name, marking can give a noteworthy help with boosting global deals. This is the positive side of marking that permits an organization to stroll into another nation or domain with an effectively ravenous customer base. As indicated by Aaker (1996), in number brands work for the organization to assist them with building up their legitimate arrangement inside the worldwide and neighborhood commercial center just as aiding the improvement of a solid purchaser base through wide acknowledgment of the brand. This acknowledgment at that point further works for the organization by filling in as a weapon to counter developing rivalry in a contracting market (Barwise and Robertson, 1992). Enterprises would then be able to additionally utilize this situation to help dispatch new augmentations, for example, a line of athletic garments for Nike or another flavor for Toblerone (Aake r and Keller, 1990). The utilization of big names in such manner has been commonly thought of

Surprise Money And Note In Book Starts Pay It Forward Chain Critical Linking, May 20, 2019

Surprise Money And Note In Book Starts Pay It Forward Chain Critical Linking, May 20, 2019 This edition of Critical Linking, a daily round-up of bookish news and links, is sponsored by We Hunt the Flame by Hafsah Faizal and Fierce Reads I was sitting on the couch and the dog started barking at God-knows-what, Jost told CNN. I tossed the book down to chase after the dog and five dollars fell out on the floor. She knew the cash wasnt hers because she doesnt carry any, she said. When the college administrator started thumbing through the pages, she found a neon pink Post-it note stuck inside with a handwritten message. The note read: I was having a tough day. I thought maybe I could brighten someone elses with this little surprise. Go buy a coffee, a donut or a face mask. Practice some self-care today. Remember that you are loved. You are amazing. You are strong. Love, Lisa. Books are amazing enough, and finding a kind note and $ inside is just like the unicorn level of books. WCPO Cincinnati’s Lucy May and Emily Maxwell profiled the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County this week, noting that the Main Street location has opened its doors for people in need of a bathroom or a place to be protected from inclement weather. It’s part of a policy to welcome those looking for shelter. Many are repeat visitors that staff have come to know by name. It’s also not all the library does. A pilot program in March invited social services to conduct meetings in their atrium that covered topics like addiction, recovery, and mental health. Employees also assist with job applications, bus ticket printing, and other tasks that people without a permanent residence may find challenging. For recently released prison inmates, the library also aids in reentry, helping them with identification needs and job searches that highlight occupations open to felons. Supporting libraries is supporting your community. The (Other) F Word is specifically focused on giving fat people the chance to tell their own stories. In this book, youll find personal essays, prose, poetry, fashion tips, and art by Dumplin author Julie Murphy, Undead Girl Gang author Lily Anderson, body positive blogger Corissa Enneking, and many more creators. This anthology is meant for people who desire to be seen and heard in a culture consumed by a narrow definition of beauty. If the title and cover wasnt enough to trigger your must-read brain sensor, Bustle has an excerpt from The (Other) F Word. Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books.

The, The Oldest Cousin Present - 869 Words

The fall of 2007 dawned chilly and crisp, and and sunset-colored leaves carpeted the ground. The wind whistled through the thick forest that surrounded my grandmother’s house, and inside the scent of apples seemed to permeate through every room. I was relaxing next to the fireplace, luxuriating in the warmth radiating from it like a cat curled in a spot of sunlight. My cousins were scattered around the basement in similar positions, lulled into drowsiness by the soporific effect of the nearby television. Before long the hyperactivity present in every child made its appearance, and so I slowly sat up, stretching my mouth wide into a yawn. â€Å"This is so dull! We should be doing something together instead of wasting all of our time practically ignoring each other,† I said with a huff. All of my cousins looked over at me, and I couldn’t help but blush at the scrutiny they gave me. â€Å"What do you suggest we do instead?† Rebecca, the oldest cousin present, asked. I cast my eyes around the room, searching for an idea. I was like a sailor lost at sea, desperately staring at the stars in the hopes that they would reveal a path home. To my dismay, I could not think of anything. However, it seemed that my restlessness infected everyone else, as they started to rouse themselves from their lethargic states. â€Å"We could build a pillow fort,† Austin, Rebecca’s younger brother, suggested. A long, drawn out groan from a pile of blankets containing one of my cousins quickly nixed that idea.Show MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay About My Aunts House1325 Words   |  6 PagesI close the car door and step onto the snow covered pavement. My aunt’s dogs bark inside of my aunt’s house, and my family and I walk in. I am greeted by my paternal aunts, uncles, and grandma. My cousins, who are much older than I, sit in the living room enjoying the store bought peanuts, popcorn, and trail mix. I squeeze my way through the crowded kitchen and settle on the stained couch. â€Å"Yeti†, the classic Christmas SYFY movie, plays on the TV. Unique ornaments cover the Christmas tree, whileRead MoreMy First Day Of Class Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesBrianna and Haley are very nice girls. They’ve been Friends with my Family since they were in Middle school. 10/7/16 I cant wait for Christmas season. I love Christmas. My favorite part of Christmas would probably waking up early and opening presents. I asked for a phone for Christmas. My brother Ethan is coming home for Christmas. Fuzzy socks on my feet, make my feet warm. Christmas coco with minty Candy canes . 10/11/16 In a couple weeks it is Halloween. I love Halloween. My favoriteRead MoreThe Role Of Culture And Human Development1353 Words   |  6 Pagesact of giving a child to a relative was usual. For instance, my aunt Maribel took care of eight individuals, where only three were her children. Beside them without any help, she upheld her two youngest sisters from both sides of her parents, her oldest niece and my brother and me. I always asked her why and how she did it to support all of us and she always said, â€Å" Mis valores no me permiten dejarlos con otras personas que le harà ¡n daà ±o†, ‘my values don’t allowed me to leave you with people thatRead MoreGenogram Essay1427 Words   |  6 Pagesstrange concept for me to grasp as my father was telling me about this unspoken feature of my family. I learned that this was not an uncommon thing to occur during times of war. Elmer and Grace had three children together: Gracie, Jimmy, and Roger. The oldest, Earl is curren tly married and is a father of two daughters, Susie and Kelly. However, a few years ago, Kelly passed away due to liver complications. The second child and only daughter, Gracie, is also married and has two children, Sean and BridgetteRead MoreClassical Conditioning And Stimulus Generalization1287 Words   |  6 Pagesassociated the loud sound with the rat and also became distressed at other furry things such as dogs and bunnies. Although Albert probably still feared furry things, he would’ve likely gotten used to them due to his environmental surroundings. In the present day, however, this experiment would most likely be seen as unethical and cruel. Because of this experiment, and others that played around with the human mind, legislation was passed in order to prohibit such experiments from taking place. (Pages:Read MoreChildhood Fears Essay example725 Words   |  3 PagesChildhood fears have always haunted our minds as kids. From the more classical boogie man in the closet, to the more present day Hollywood horror movies. My childhood fear at the time unfortunately was scary movies, heights, and being afraid of the dark. As a young child, mainly around the age of 4 to 7 years old, screams and loud stressful noises wasn’t generally my favorite amusement. I rather settle my small completive mind to action figures and video games than being scared so bad I would pissRead MoreThe Warm House Spreads An Aura Of Holiday Cheer Throughout The Crisp, Cool Air1047 Words   |  5 Pagesluminaries along the sidewalk guide me to the door, and I am greeted by my mother who kisses me on top of my forhead and greets my uncle. It s a family tradition to dress as famous Christmas characters; there s something very bizarre about seeing your cousins dressed as Dancer, Prancer, Comet, Cupid, and of course, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. After 13 long Christmases, I have thankfully gotten myself out of having to dress up as a holiday enthusiast. It s not that I m anti-holiday or anything; IRead MorePersonal Morals, Ethics, And Values868 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough the interactions I have had with family members , friends, and institutions such as schools, church, and work. I grew up in a very large family. My Mom was one of nineteen children, I am the oldest of six. There are at least 100 close family members between aunts, uncles, cousins, second-cousins who all grew up with in the same small coal-mining town of Plymouth, Pa. My set of moral values I have learned to develop by the interaction of family members and the ability to reason right fromRead MoreAround Noon On A Lazy Saturday In March, I Get Out Of The1604 Words   |  7 Pagesmidway through the week, my mom told me that my brother and I would have to help with some of the driving along the way. I’ve been stressing about it ever since. I consider myself a pretty good driver but there’s an added sense of responsibility present when your whole family is in the car. At a stop about four hours into the drive, my brother and I are in the car while my parents are using the bathroom. I bring up the possibility of one of us having to drive. â€Å"Oh, she always says that.† My brotherRead MoreSurvivor s Remorse Is A Very New Sitcom That Centers Around The Life Of Cam Calloway1366 Words   |  6 Pagesconference where he extends his gratitude to the team owner for signing him, as well as acknowledging the most influential people in his life, his family. His family consists of his mother Cassie, older sister Mary-Charles, his Uncle Julius, and his cousin Reggie. The type of family being portrayed can be considered an extended family because although they do not live together, they are related consanguineously. Since there is no mention of a biological father, the viewer can only conclude that Cam’s

My Memories Of My Childhood Memories - 864 Words

Many of my fondest childhood memories involved a stuffed lamb doll and one of my grandfather s old stethoscopes. Ever the precocious seven-year-old, I would often stand beside my grandfather while he examined his patients. Watching him carefully, I mimicked his every move, an act that rarely failed to pull a laugh out of even the sickest of patients. Even in these moments of childhood play, though, I noticed the sheer joy and relief that his healing hands had the capacity to bring to the suffering and worried patients he treated. Seeing this, I remember thinking to myself that I wanted one day to bring people that same joy. If my time with my grandfather opened my mind to the possibility of a medical career, my experience with my grandmother finally made me resolve to pursue this route fully. On the weekends, my grandmother would take me to the library, and there we would play a game in which she assigned me a book that I would have to find. This sense of adventurous exploration, and the accompanying exposure to learning and reading, transformed my intellectual landscape. Unfortunately, shortly after my grandfather died, doctors diagnosed my grandmother with Alzheimer s. I returned to the library, this time saddened and confused, in order to find a book about her affliction. Naively, I expected to unearth the secret to my grandmother s health, but unfortunately, that section of that book remained unwritten. As her conditioned deteriorated, it became difficult for myShow MoreRelatedMy Memories Of My Childhood Memories Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesMy earliest childhood memory is of the first time I met my mother in person when I was four. A beautiful woman whose personality seemed to glow from her. I had seen a picture of her before then I was told by Mummy Dada, my aunt, so I knew her on sight. The woman I saw walk in the room as I watched from my grandfather’s lap seemed effervescent. She floated from person to person at the family reunion like an angel. My mother is one of thirteen children my grandpa has. My brother cousin wanted to playRead MoreMy Memories : My Childhood Memories1999 Words   |  8 PagesI will be comparing my childhood and my friend A childhood memories. My childhood is full of memories. Some are good and some are bad, but generally speaking I would classify most of them as good, throughout my childhood there has been a word my parents always use to say e very time I fell and hurt myself which was â€Å"you will forget when you grow up† it was true I really have forgotten. I had two young, funny, happily married parents, a lovely younger sister, and an extended family that lived closeRead MoreMy Memories : My Childhood Memories840 Words   |  4 Pagesthat we must focus to see the light. -Aristotle Onassis Many of my fondest childhood memories involved a stuffed lamb doll and one of my grandfather s old stethoscopes. As a precocious seven-year-old, I would often stand beside my grandfather while he examined his patients. Watching him carefully, I mimicked his every move, an act that rarely failed to pull a laugh out of even the sickest of patients. Even in these moments of childhood play, I noticed the sheer joy and relief that his healing handsRead MoreMy Memories Of My Childhood867 Words   |  4 Pagesunique to the owner. People bestow special value of some objects according to an experience, emotion or hidden message associated with them. I have a chest with treasures and so far they are my childhood, my youth and my adulthood memories of good and challenging that are most charitable to me. My childhood was fun and unforgettable, as I had lots of neighbors to play with from morning till dark. We played games outdoors and rode our bicycles happily. The undeveloped wood behind our home providedRead MoreMy Memories Of My Childhood959 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"I want to go back In those childhood days, not to change anything but to feel few things twice.†- M S Dhoni . The experiences of my past are undeniable. It goes without saying that my childhood was more than just a learning salient experience. Those are my greatest memories! This is an essay is not only on my childhood, but also about the lessons I have learned throughout my childhood, It was an unforgettable experience of fear, shame, pain, loss, freedom, forgiveness, happiness, kindness, emotionsRead MoreMemories Of My Childhood829 Words   |  4 PagesMy memory of my childhood is fuzzy at best, probably like most people. There are many important events in my early life I cannot remember, like the events of September 11, 2001, or the first day of kindergarten. I also do not remember much of my musical life prior to middle school. My family was not a musical family. We did not constantly play music in our house, if we ever really did. Nor did my parents very often put on albums that they loved from their younger years. Music mostly seemed cosignedRead MoreMy Memories Of My Childhood1109 Words   |  5 PagesLooking back at my childhood, I suppose you could say it was pretty difficult. Even at my happiest, I was living with a foster family, separated from the rest of my biological relatives. However, I couldn’t complain. I loved them like they were my family that I spent my whole life with. I was a five-year-old boy living a happy life. I had grown attached to the family, feeling like I was truly a part of it. Then one cold November day it all changed. A woman dressed in black came to my home I had grownRead MoreMy Childhood Memory979 Words   |  4 Pagesme, and was quite disgusting. I was the youngest, and being the only girl, I was often picked on by the older two. My ideas were often consider irrelevant, and because they never listened, we got into more trouble than necessary. I looked up at the trees, when I saw what looked like a car. â€Å"Hey guys,† I said as I stood up from the log, elongating my arm and pointer finger at my discovery. The boys eyes grew in amazement. â€Å"Is that a car?!† Roy asked flabbergasted. Timmy took off running forRead MoreMy Memories Of My Childhood908 Words   |  4 PagesI remember my childhood as if it were yesterday. Nothing was better than my closest friends. We Hanged out, fished, climbed the mango trees in the garden, Card games, board games, and even teased the innocent grocery store keeper. I didn t want any new friends; I had no idea what the world had to offer. Life was a simple clichà © routine. I invented a circle and trapped myself inside it. I made my own world and lived within it. I ultimately enjoyed every aspect of my childhood. Eventually, a lessonRead MoreMy Memories Of My Childhood1427 Words   |  6 PagesPersonally, thinking about my childhood early on when I was in the beginning years of school is generally a painfully awkward thought until I stumble on the idea of soccer. I don’t think I’m the only person who believes that but regardless of the experiences I went through , there’s one in particular that is the single most important in my life. It was the first soccer practice I ever went to. Stepping onto the grass field off to the side of a playground and joining the other four year old prodigy’s

Al-Fatiha Free Essays

AL-FATIHA:The essential exacting significance of the articulation â€Å"al-Fati?ah† is â€Å"The Opener,† which could allude to this Surah being â€Å"the opener of the Book. It is the main part (surah) of the Quran. Its seven verses (ayat) are a petition for the direction, lordship and benevolence of God. We will write a custom essay sample on Al-Fatiha or any similar topic only for you Order Now This section has a basic part in Islamic supplication(prayer). It is also known as †mother of the book†. It is the Mecci Surah of the Holy Quran . THEME:Allah has taught in this Surah to mankind to offer prayer to Him, who is the Lord of this universe before seeking guidance and Who alone can grant it. The reader should have a firm belief that the Creator of the universe is the source of all knowledge and the study of Quran can provide him guidance. Islam requires a man to begin everything with the name of Allah. By doing this he will keep himself far from detestable and wrong deeds. knowledge and the study of Quran can provide him guidance. Allah is the Master, Owner, Sustainer, Provider, Guardian, Sovereign, Ruler, Administrator, Organizer and master of day of judgement and we are answerable to him. VIRTUES:There are numerous ethics related with this Surah. Hazrat Abu Saeed al-Khudri describes: â€Å"While on a voyage we stopped at a place. A young lady came to us and stated: â€Å"The head of this clan has been stung by a scorpion and our men are absent, is there anyone among you who can recount something upon him to treat him?† Then, one of our men obliged her despite the fact that we didn’t believe that he knew any such treatment. In any case, our companion went to the boss and discussed something upon him and the boss was cured. Immediately, the boss gave him thirty sheep and gave every one of us drain to drink. When he returned, we asked our companion: â€Å"Did you know anything to present upon him to cure him?† He stated: â€Å"No, I just recounted Umm al-Kitab (i.e. Surah Al-Fatihah) upon him.† We said that don’t do anything until the point when we achieve Madinah and ask the Prophet with respect to this (hone and rewardwhether the sheep were legitimate or not for us). TAFSSER:In the Name of Allah: The first ayah of the Surah Al-Fatihah is: In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Most Merciful. This phrase is known as the bismillah. It is good to recite it before doing any action.The Meaning of the letter Baa The Baa in the Arabic dialect can have three unique implications: With – With/for the sake of Allah. Seeking help – Seeking assistance from the name of Allah. Seeking favoring – Seeking favoring with the name of Allah.The Meaning of al-Rahman and al-Raheem Both these names are gotten from a similar root letters: raa, haa, meem; which intends to show kindness. They are hence comparable in significance and both are associated with Allah’s (SWT) Mercy. The way that Allah (SWT) notices two of His Names which show to do with Mercy, as opposed to Might and Power or so on, demonstrates exactly how critical this Attribute is. The distinction between al-Rahman and al-Raheem is that al-Rahman alludes to Allah’s (SWT) Mercy to all of creation. It is His Mercy which is stretched out to the two devotees and skeptics; creatures, and everything that exists.All Praise is due to Allah The second ayah is: All praise be to Allah, the Lord of all the worlds. The Meaning of Hamd and the Difference between Hamd and Shukr :Hamd means praise and also thankfulness. Shukr is done with the tongue, the limbs and the heart; whereas hamd is done with the tongue only. It is also said that hamd is more general than shukr. In hamd, it contains the meaning of shukr (thankfulness) as well as madh (praise). The Meaning of Rabb Rabb is usually translated as Lord but it is much more encompassing than that. It also includes the meaning of Nurturer, Sustainer, Cherisher and so on. The Rabb is the creator, king, master and the one who controls everything. The Meaning of ‘Aalameen:Some of the differing views about it are that it refers to: Everything which exists other than Allah ta’ala Mankind and the jinn Those things which have an intellect, and they are four: mankind, jinn, angels, and devils Those species which have souls The best view is the first one. The Beneficent, The Most Merciful: The third ayah is: The Beneficent, The Most Merciful. (Al-Fatihah: 3) The explanation of these two names has already been given. Why then is it repeated? This is to once again emphasis the importance of the quality of mercy. Master of the Day of Reward: The fourth ayah is: The Only Owner of the Day of Recompense. (Al-Fatihah: 3) The Meaning of Maalik : Malik means king, and it refers to â€Å"mulk† – the dominion of a person. He will judge us all, that He is so absolutely powerful, that on the Day of Judgement no one will have the power either to resist the enforcement of punishments.You (Alone) We Worship: The fifth ayah is: You (alone) we worship and You (alone) we ask for help.†We Worship† implies we comply. Love is acquiescence and self-dishonor. It intends to lower yourself before Allah (SWT) and to submit to His Will. Apparently it is self-dishonor, yet as a general rule, it is brilliance and beautification. This ayah asserts the Lordship of Allah and confirms that love is because of Him.Guide us on the Straight Path:The sixth ayah is: Guide us on the Straight Path. This ayah is a dua which we make to Allah (SWT). We ask Him to show us the Straight Path and to guide us on it, so that we will get His Guidance which draws us closer and nearer to Him. The Meaning of Sirat:Sirat is a road or a path. There are conditions that it must be straight. It must reach the goal and it must be the shortest route to get there. It must also be wide and spacious enough for everyone who wants to travel it. The Meaning of Mustaqeem:Mustaqeem is derived from istaqaama, which means to be straight, upright, correct. The Path of Those†¦:The seventh and final ayah is: The path of those you have blessed, not of those with anger on them, nor of those who are astray†. Who are the people who have been blessed by Allah (SWT) and whose Path we ask to guide to? This is explained by Allah (SWT) in another ayah where He says: Whosoever obeys Allah, and the Messenger, they are with those whom Allah SWT) has favored, the Prophets (AS), the sincere, the martyrs and the righteous, and these are the best company. Impact of surah on Muslim lives:This surah Is one of the most important surahs of Quran. A Muslim needs to recite it in every prayer 5 times a day. If a Muslim follows it to its core their lives ill become easy. This surah explains us how merciful and kind Allah Almighty is and he is the only one to worship and seek help from.If we understand it and apply in our lives then we will lead true and right life, as we will know we are answerable to God on the day of judgement then we may try to restrain from evil deeds and activities. We will always speak truth no matter what because we are only afraid of Allah and on one else.This is a dua we make everyday and so it will protect us and surely and will show us right path. How to cite Al-Fatiha, Papers

Occupational Stress The Problem and Its Background Essay Sample free essay sample

It has been agreed that. in the lovingness profession. nurses from the largest group of which the principal mission is the nurturing of and caring for people in the human wellness experience. They provide day-and-night services to patient in infirmaries. nursing places. long-run attention installations. every bit good as to clients utilizing supportive and preventive plans and related community services ( sleeping. 2000:207 ) The nursing profession follows a holistic attack. taking to account the individual in entirety in his or her environment. Nurses provide presence. comfort. aid and support for the people confronted with solitariness. hurting. incapacity. disease and even decease. The fact that nursing has been extensively and unfailingly recognized worldwide as a nerve-racking occupation is hence non surprising ( Farrington 1995:574 ) . Nurses who are stressed are more likely to hold an increased incidence of absenteeism ( Easternburg. Williamson. Gorsuch A ; Ridley. 1994:1233 ) . which in bend non merely consequences in a deficiency of continuity in attention but besides contributes to the nursing turnover ( Kipping. We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Stress: The Problem and Its Background Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2000:207 ) . Furthermore. an increased sum of interpersonal struggle has been noted in work context ; nurses experience feelings of insufficiency. suffer from diffidence. lowered self-esteem. crossness. depression. bodily perturbations and sleep upsets. all of which jeopardize the quality of attention they provide ( Hillhouse A ; Adler. 1996:297 ) . Finally burnout will put in due to chronic emphasis and may impact negatively on the nurse-patient relationship ( Kipping. 2000:207 ) . Nursing is. by its nature. a nerve-racking business because of exposure to a broad scope of potentially nerve-racking state of affairss and conditions. Stressors for nurses systematically identified in the literature include work overload. force per unit areas associated with the demands of the modern-day work environment ( World Health Organization. 2004 ) . capriciousness of the staffing and scheduling holding to finish excessively many non-nursing undertakings and holding to do determination under force per unit area ( Fox. 2003 ; McVicar. 2003 ) . While there are a considerable figure of stressors associated with figure of stressors associated with nursing work. emphasis is extremely subjective and there is significant fluctuation in experiences of emphasis ( Santamaria. 1995 ) . New nurses in peculiar are likely to confront some alone stressors that make the period of passage to the function of registered nurses ( RN ) an particularly hard clip ( McVicar. 2003 ; Casey. Fink. Krugman and Propt. 2004 ) . In add-on. watching a patient suffers and experiencing helpless in the instance of a patient who fails to better or may be deceasing may do hurt among nurses. Lack of clip to give patient emotional support. fatigue. unfavorable judgment by physicians and struggles with immediate supervisors ( Huang. 2004 ; Healy and McKay. 1999 ; Tyler and Cushway. 1995:1992 ) can besides make hard state of affairss for nurses. Stress has been identified with concerns about occupation security and stableness. work kineticss. safety and self esteem issues ( World Health Organization. 2004 ; Rainham. 1994 ) . Poor work organisation. including hapless work design and work systems can besides do emphasis ( World Health Organization. 2004 ) . Harmonizing to World Health Organization. work related emphasis occurs a in broad scope of work fortunes. A healthy work environment is one which the presence and impact of such stressors are minimized. by guaranting the absence of harmful conditions and an copiousness of wellness advancing 1s ( World Health Organization. 2007 ) . Importantly. grounds suggests that healthy work environments are one of import factor lending to the universe broad nursing storage ( World Health Organization. 2004 ) . Other cardinal studies associating to the well-being of wellness workers likewise a argue that the more control workers have over their work and the manner they do it. and the more they participate in determination devising in their occupation. the less likely they are to see workless ( World Health Organization. 2004 ) . Occupational emphasis ensuing from verbal maltreatment is therefore a major job for single. organisation and impacting industries including wellness attention ( Hannigan. Edwards and Burnard. 2004 ) . Header Mechanism Using get bying mechanisms refers to get the better ofing or pull offing emphasis efficaciously by mobilising internal and external resources. Internal resource include one’s repertory of mechanisms. such as self-importance map ( intrapsychic ) and neurobiological factors and familial exposure. whereas external resources include societal support and cultural factors. Coping mechanisms service to make the followers: * Influence overall morale. wellness and wellbeing * Promote growing and adulthood* Assist in job resolution* Influence version to emphasizeThe construct of emphasis provides a agency of understanding holistic responses to external and internal demands that unfold into of import complex neurobiological or psychosocial procedures. When a stressor is encountered. it is perceived as a challenge or menace. triping the flight-or-fight response. Responses to emphasize are influence by an assessment of the event. A individual perceptual experience of a stressor is decisive in finding the result of neurobiological responses ensuing from acute emphasis reaction active a cascade of procedures that protect the person during these events. Appraisal and response by and large reflect the client’s degree of ego map. developmental phase. available resources. old experiences and the figure and badness of stressors. Additional. adaptative emotional and biological responses are effectual and polar to the ordinance of human behaviour ( Lazarus. 1 991 ; Lazarus A ; Folkman. 1984 ; Seligman. 1975 ; Sayle. 1976 ) ( Refer to the research abstract ) . The human being is complex. and understanding the function of emphasis. header and version throughout the lifetime involves appreciating the premiss that all behaviours have significance and intent. Consequently. neurobiological and psychosocial factors affect the assessment of these brush and find the results. Stress plays a important function in the developmental procedure. Each phase requires equal get bying accomplishments to get the hang age-specific challenges that prepare for subsequent phases. A repertory of adaptative get bying behaviour is critical to get the hanging developmental undertaking. and failure to accomplish it normally triggers or precipitates illness or maladaptive responses. Numerous surveies suggest that single header and adaptative forms begin organizing prenatally or during gestation and germinate throughout the unrecorded span. These forms may alter or set to given fortunes based on 1s assessment of stressors. entree to resources. entree developmental phas es. and degree of exposure. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYOccupational emphasis is stress affecting work. Stress is defined in footings of its physical and physiological effects on a individual. and can be a mental. physical or emotional strain. It can besides be a tenseness or a state of affairs or factor that can do emphasis. Occupational emphasis can happen when there is a disagreement between the demands of the environment/workplace and an individual’s ability to transport out and complete these demands. Often a stressor can take the organic structure to hold a physiological reaction which can strive a individual physically every bit good as mentally. A assortment of factors contribute to workplace emphasis such as negative work load. isolation. extended hours worked. toxic work environments. deficiency of liberty. hard relationships among coworkers and direction. direction intimidation. torment and deficiency of chances or motive to advancement in one’s accomplishment degree. ( NIOSH 1999 ; Henry. O . A ; Evans. A. J. 2008 ) . Nursing is one of the nerve-racking professions. Nurses should be flexible at all state of affairss particularly in covering with clients. They are assigned to legion undertakings which include certification. taking critical marks. giving medicines. transporting out orders. and run intoing the demands of the client which can do emphasis to construct up which may take to care mistake. Symptoms of emphasis in nurses and other practicians include: sleep perturbation and weariness ; appetite alteration: additions or loss ; reduced abilities to believe and concentrate ; frequent tardiness or absences from work ; gorging or increased smoke ; sudden temper swings ; deep bitterness of clients ( Bartholomew. 2006 ; Gordon. 2005 ; Mitchell A ; Cormack. 1998 ) . This survey will find how the staff nurses in nursing places trade with emphasis and their header mechanisms. It focuses on nurses rendering attention for geriatric clients. Purpose OF THE STUDYPurpose:This research survey aims to show. Occupational stress degree of Staff Nurses in urban nursing places and their header mechanisms. In order to accomplish the declared intent. the aims will be: Students: 1. To use what has been learned in the schoolroom scene2. To increase cognition about occupational emphasis among staff nurses3. To develop student’s critical thought4. To larn how to make a presentable research work.5. To be able to cognize how to pull off degree of stressors Respondents:1. To be able to place what are the beginnings of emphasis2. To place what are their coping mechanisms in covering with emphasis3. To increase consciousness about occupational emphasis and its consequence4. To find the occupational degree of emphasis5. To advance health of the registered nurses. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMBy and large. the research workers want to find the degree of occupational emphasis and get bying mechanisms among staff nurses in nursing places. Specifically. the survey seeks to reply the undermentioned inquiries: 1. What is the profile of the letter writers in footings of: a. age b. sexc. positiond. length of service2. To what extent are the beginnings of occupational emphasis affect the staff nurses working in nursing places? 3. What is the degree of occupational emphasis of staff nurses? 4. Is there a important relationship between the degree of occupational emphasis and get bying mechanisms utilized by the staff nurses? HYPOTHESIS Based on the conceptual model. the undermentioned hypotheses were tested in this survey. 1. There is a important relationship between occupational emphasis and get bying mechanism among staff nurses in nursing places. 2. There is no important differences between specific demographic variables of staff nurses occupational emphasis and its header mechanisms SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDYScopeThe survey was a study made usage of questionnaires that was validated by clinical teachers at Jose Rizal University to find the assorted occupational emphasiss being experienced by the staff nurses in urban nursing places. The degree and effects of these emphasiss will be analyze and discussed. All related information about the life and emphasiss of the staff nurses working in nursing places every bit good as their header mechanisms will be gathered. LIMITATIONS However. there will be restrictions. since our clip and location as research workers are non sufficient for a whole Metro Manila research. merely the positions of the chosen staff nurses of nursing places will be studied. The survey was conducted during the 2nd semester of the school twelvemonth 2012-2013. Significance OF THE STUDY Nursing Home Administrators. The propose survey will assist the place decision maker and have a deeper apprehension to the said scheduling linguistic communications. By this survey they will come up with easier and powerful plan. Registered Nurses. This research survey used conceptually incorporate steps that cover the country of work emphasis and emphasis reactions. and provides waies for intercessions aimed at forestalling or cut downing specific negative results of work-related emphasis among nurses in nursing place for them to better their intrinsic work motive. Caregivers. This set of research survey is aimed by assisting health professionals to develop shared apprehensions about their work related emphasis and its activities and ends that can supply a sense of intent or vision. They will be motivated by ends which they find personally obliging. every bit good as disputing but accomplishable. Having such stress free ends will assist their client happen a sense of individuality for themselves. Families. As the focal point of the survey is stress. this will be really helpful on how to decrease emphasis. This survey will besides assist the household get cognition and enables them to larn new thoughts and use them in their day-to-day life. Future Researchers. The proposed survey will profit and assist the hereafter research workers as their usher for their survey. This will besides be utile for them to better their survey about the subject we had discussed in this chapter. DEFINITION OF TERMS The research workers used theoretical method in specifying the footings. Coping refers to the ideas and actions we use to cover with emphasis. In big portion. feeling stressed or non depends on whether we believe we have the header resources to cover with the challenges confronting us. Coping mechanism any attempt directed to emphasize direction. including task-oriented and ego defence mechanisms. the factors that enable an person to recover emotional equilibrium after a nerve-racking experience. It may be an unconscious procedure. Occupational emphasis This term normally is applied to the psychological tenseness that can happen in working environments. e. g. . between senior direction staff and industrial or office workers under their control and/or among workers viing for publicity or a fillip. Stress is the body’s reaction to a alteration that requires a physical. mental or emotional accommodation or response. Chapter 2REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIESRelated LiteratureForeignNurses in general appeared to expose high tonss on the emphasiss related to assurance and competence in function. home–work struggle. and organisational engagement ( subscales which are themselves closely associated with demands in societal interaction at work ) . These are emphasiss which were related to psychological wellbeing. There were no gender differences on occupational emphasis or the wellness result variables. Age did emerge as significantly related to entire emphasis and mental wellness ( older nurses describing more emphasis. and the younger nurses sing better psychological wellness ) . Type A emerged as a important determiner of physical wellness. in contrast to internal venue of control. which was more related to mental wellness. ( lower ) occupational emphasis. and occupation satisfaction. LocalPersonality differences among employees can take to a tense and less productive work environment. Differences in race. gender. spiritual strong belief. sexual orientation. and age can do fright and edginess among employees. These feelings are frequently associated with confusion or impotence. Diversity and sensitiveness preparation can help employees in encompassing each other’s alone qualities. When employees feel overwhelmed. they can lose assurance. go cranky or act withdrawn. This behavior straight impacts productiveness. and work becomes less honoring. Related SurveiesForeignOccupational emphasis is defined as the inauspicious emotional province experienced when the demands due to occupational factors overcome the ability of an employee to turn to or command the state of affairs. There is a subjective facet in occupational emphasis. since a certain factor may be the cause of emphasis for some persons but non for others ( Lazarus. Folkman. 1984 ) behavioral symptoms are apparent in the employee’s public presentation and satisfaction. Three basic schemes are recommended: 1 Decrease or alteration of stressors or traveling the single off from them. 2 Adjusting occupational environment to the person.3 Bettering the individual’s get bying through exerting. speculation. relaxation techniques and societal support ( Pandazopoulou-Fotinea. 2003 ) Nurses are one of the most vulnerable professional groups to occupational emphasis. as they frequently encounter nerve-racking state of affairss due to the particular demands of their profession ( Papageorgiou. etc. 2007 ) . During the last two decennaries. the involvement in stress bring forthing factors that contribute to nurses’ psychological province has increased ( Pagapeorgiou. etc. 2007 ) . The survey of occupational emphasis is an imperative demand since it has been shown that emphasis has negative impact both on nurses’ wellness and on the wellness organisation they are occupied. with absenteeism and low quality of wellness attention being the most frequent effects ( Ouzouni. 2005 ) . T he major emphasis bring forthing factors in nurses are: often or quickly alternating clip displacements. bad occupational conditions. function struggle. changeless communicating with a assortment of people. work overload and badness of incidents. routine covering with decease. and the deficiency of individual’s function in the occupational environment ( function ambiguity-lack of responsibilities specification ) ( Papamichael. 2005 ) . Another of import factor is the deficiency of support and positive feedback to the nursing staff by the administrative executives in the nursing services ( Ouzouni. 2005 ) . Stress. up to a certain point. will better people’s public presentation and quality of life because it is healthy and indispensable that they should see challenges within their lives. but if force per unit area becomes inordinate. it loses its good consequence and becomes harmful since it is the reaction of people under force per unit area or other types of demands placed on them and arises when they worry that they can non get by. However. it is recognized that negative events do non ever trip psychological hurt. which arises merely when imposed demands are perceived to transcend ability to get by. It is of import to acknowledge that emphasis is a province. non an unwellness. which may be experienced as a consequence of an exposure to a broad scope of work demands and in bend can lend to an every bit broad scope of results. which may concern the employee’s wellness and be an unwellness or an hurt. or alterations in his/her behaviour and life style. This arises from a survey that showed that three quarters of executives say that emphasis adversely affects their wellness. felicity and place life every bit good as their public presentation at work. Sing the bureaus. occupational emphasis poses a hazard to most concerns and its consequences are fiscal 1s either through compensation payments for stress-related hurts. or through the low productiveness of the bureau. Assorted factors are associated with occupational emphasis and surveies indicate that. in add-on to nerve-racking factors intrinsic to nursing organisational direction attributes influence work-related emphasis amo ng nurses and that beginnings of emphasis vary in both nature and frequence across nursing fortes. LocalIndeed. scientific grounds on the causes of emphasis at work ( i. e. psychosocial hazards such as low occupation control. high work load. function struggles or low societal support ) is converting. However. surveies on the procedure of presenting organisational intercessions to forestall emphasis in the workplace and on their effectivity are still scarce. Nurses are normally faced with greater demands and less occupation security. both of which are likely to be nerve-racking. therefore psychological upsets particularly depression may progressively be caused by work-related stressors. Harmonizing Morales and Salisi ( 1991 ) . Not surprisingly. the findings from occupational emphasis research is consistent with the more general life event emphasis literature demoing that specific acute work-related nerve-racking experiences contribute to â€Å"depression† and. more significantly possibly. that digesting â€Å"structural† occupational factors. which may differ harmonizing to business. can besides lend to psychological upsets. Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and SurveiesSurvey shows that there was no difference in gender when it comes to occupational emphasis. Older nurses were prone to emphasize while younger can still hold a better psychological wellness. But there were no mentioned specific scopes of age. Differences in race. gender. spiritual strong belief. sexual orientation. and age can do fright and edginess among employees. Nurses are one of the most vulnerable professions to occupational emphasis due to its particular demands of their profession ( Papageorgiou. etc. 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Ouzouni. analyze occupational emphasis is an imperative demand since emphasis as shown negative impact both on nurses’ wellness. absenteeism. and low quality of wellness attention being the most frequent effects. The different bring forthing emphasis factors are: often or quickly alternating clip displacements. bad occupational overload. everyday covering with decease. deficiency of individual’s function in the occupational environment. There were recommended 3 basic schemes which are. decrease or alteration of stressors. seting occupational environment to the person. and bettering individual’s get bying through exercising. meditate. relaxation techniques and societal support. Study which is still in procedure of presenting intercessions to forestall emphasis is still scarce. The research workers conducted this survey in order to happen out the beginnings of emphasis and get bying mechanisms among staff nurses in nursing places. in order for the re search workers to better their header schemes. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKCox and Mackay ( 1976 ) suggested that emphasis is due to dynamic dealing between the person and the environment. Important to this theoretical account is the individual’s cognitive appraisal of the sensed demands made on his or her. and that single perceived capableness to cover with those demands. Stress is consequence of the sensed demand outweighing the sensed capableness. The perceptual experience is influenced by a member of factors such as personality. situational demands. old experiences and any current emphasis province already bing. The position of emphasis proposed by Lazarus ( 1976 ) included the suggestion that the persons perceptual experience of capableness interacted with cognitive assessment of the menace. Again. a mismatch of the two resulted in emphasis. Lazarus besides looked at the function of defeat and struggle within the person. in worsening emphasis. Interactional theoretical account focal point on the structural features of the emphasis procedure. i. e. which stressors are like to take to which results in which populations. nevertheless transactional positions are more cognitive and concentrate on the dynamic relationship that occurs between persons and their environment in footings of mental and emotional procedure ( Cox et al. 2000 ) . Transactional positions frequently place accent on the function of subjective perceptual experiences of the environment and are more likely to admit the possible impact of single differences factor. such as differences in get bying assessment. personality. venue of control. In drumhead. the attack expresses the position that emphasis evolves through the being of a peculiar association between the person and his environment ( Folkman et Al. 1984:150 ; Folkman et Al. 1984:993 ; Cox et Al. 1978:18 ) . Base on the background presented here and the psychological approached in peculiar. Cox and Mackey define emphasis as portion of a complex and dynamic system of minutess between the person and his/her environment. This description of emphasis system in Figure # is diverse in that it intentionally drawn from both response and stimulation based definitions. but in making. it emphasizes the environmental and transactional nature of the phenomenon. It accentuates stress as an single perceptual phenomenon. rooted in psychological procedure and focuses on the feedback constituents of the system itself ( Cox et al. 1978:18 ) . A better apprehension of this phenomenon can be enhanced by portraying the five recognizable phases of the Interactional/ Transactional Model of Stress. besides better known as the emphasis procedure. THE STRESS PROCESS ACCORDING TO THE TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF STRESS The wider contents of the emphasis procedure in context of the Interactional/ Transactional attack has been defined as including the undermentioned five phases: demands the individual have to follow with ; the persons perceptual experience of these demands ; psychological alterations ; result of get bying action or response by single ; and feedback and feed forward response ( Cox et al. 2000:41 ) . Phase 1This phase is recognized by the beginning of the demand with direct relation to the individual. integrated with his/her environment. while the psychological and physiological demands can be recognized as the internally formed demand as stipulated by the theoretical account ( Cox et al. 2000:42 ) . Phase 2 The person’s perceptual experience of the demand. every bit good as the single ability to get by. signifiers portion of Stage 2. It is believed that emphasis can be consequence of an instability between the sensed demand and the person’s perceptual experience of his capableness to run into the demand. It is of central importance to recognize that emphasis is non the consequence of the demand and the sensed capableness. Therefore the accent is placed on a person’s cognitive assessment of the nerve-racking state of affairs at manus and his ability to get by ; the individual will therefore see emphasis. or an instability. when he perceives that his restrictions have been reached. in other words. that the sensed demand exceeds his sensed capableness. This perceptual factor differentiates from single to single. as personality traits. among assorted factors. lend the result. the instability is associated with emotional looks. accompanied by alterations in the physiolog ical province every bit good as by the sensed demands/stressor. or the direct consequence of psycho physiological alterations ( Cox et al. 2000:42 ) . Phase 3The psycho physiological alterations. as mentioned above. is considered as the following phase and characterized by the person’s response to emphasize. Although this phase is frequently seen as the consequence of a demand or nerve-racking state of affairs. it should in fact be regarded as the persons get bying accomplishments. either positive or negative ( Cox et al. 2000:43 ) . The celebrated response of an person to emphasize and means phase of get bying with the demands enforced by the stressors are discussed in more item in two separate subdivision. Phase 4 The result of the get bying action or response displayed by the person. it besides an easy forgotten. but most indispensable portion of the emphasis procedure. It is hero that the existent. every bit good as the concern is hence chiefly focused on the effects of get bying. Phase 5 The fifth and concluding phase of the theoretical account is considered as the feedback response. non merely as a concluding consequence after the effects have occurred. but in fact at the degree of all proceeding phases. The result of each phase can this is shaped consequently if this 5th phase is implemented in the right mode ( Cox et al. 2000:43 ) . These five phases non merely defined the emphasis procedure as such. but besides lay a foundation for farther treatment as a background to Interactional/Transactional attack. An apprehension of this procedure can besides ease the association of causes of emphasis. might it be within or outside of the work environment. In this theoretical account psychosocial emphasis is defined as a peculiar relationship between the individual and the environment that is appraised by the individual as taxing or transcending his or her resources and jeopardizing his or her well-being. A differentiation is maid between primary assessments whereby an event may be perceived as benign and threatening. potentially harmful endangering to ones’ self-esteem or ambitious and secondary assessment in which an appraisal is made of ones’ ability to get by with menace or challenge. Stress occurs whenever there is a mismatch between perceived ability to get by. One of the utile characteristics of this flow chart is that it incorporates feedback between responses. demands and assessment. Stress theories of such as those of Lazarus ( 1999 ) emphasize that there are many factors which may act upon a person’s experience of the same stressor. including the significance that stressors. and the schemes that a individual may use to get by with the stressor.

The Mad Revisionist essays

The Mad Revisionist essays The Mad Revisionists The Parthenon: A Post-Hellenistic Fabrication is an interesting piece, of which there are many different arguments are made in order to prove that there is no apparent evidence that (the Parthenon) was the majestic temple which the authorities claim. The Mad Revisionist is an individual who puts an extraordinary amount of effort into poking fun at Holocaust revisionists, but, at the same time, he also indirectly poses another intriguing question: What if this is true? You cannot completely ignore revisionism, even though much of what they argue may appear to be inaccurate. The Mad Revisionist uses a variety of techniques and a heavy dose of sarcasm in order to accomplish this feat. There are also dangers that accompany this branch of history, the foremost being the possibility that there is truth to these theories. The Mad Revisionist uses a number of different techniques to prove his Parthenon fabrication theory. They range from simple sarcasm to finding a weakness in the story and blowing it wide open, not unlike a crack in the sidewalk. For example, the Mad Revisionist, when delving for an answer to the conspicuous non-existence of two, rather large statues in the Parthenon, states, apparently it was "lost" in the first years of the Byzantine period, after the Roman Empire conveniently converted to Christianity. What a flippant excuse to explain away such glaring lack of evidence. Revisionists are not so easily fooled. Is the excuse flippant, or is it credible? I am sure, with a little more research, that one could see that the sources used to establish this point are credible. This, however, leads to another technique used by the Mad Revisionist: the fact that the evidence is controlled by the so-called establishment , where experts are shepherds to our sheep, we blindly trust that they...

Turn Your Art Essay into a Masterpiece

Turn Your Art Essay into a Masterpiece Here are the guidelines on analyzing the artwork and writing your art essay. Read and get to know about some types of art essays and how they differ. An art essay is a type of essay focusing on the analysis of a given piece of art.   Art is generally referred to such genres as painting, sculpture, architecture, photography, and other types of human activity. The art essay, therefore, can be written on any of the above-described subcategories. In this article, we will review some basic principles of analyzing  the most common kinds of art. Before reading further, you may look through our art essay topics list containing 70 most popular topics about arts: 70 Art Essay Topics List Types of Art Essays An art analysis essay can be of two major types: comparative and formal. Comparative art essays are aimed at comparing two or more pieces of art with the aim of identifying the similarities and differences between them. In turn, formal art essays, serve the purpose of analyzing an art form, identifying its most salient features. Comparative analysis of an art form is based on the formal analysis. When you are doing a comparative analysis of a piece or pieces of art, you should first analyze it according to the canons of the formal approach, and then they are compared and contrasted against each other. There are two possible strategies to pursue in this case. The first strategy is called lumping, where you can analyze all details of exhibit A and then of exhibit B. The second strategy is often referred to as splitting when all details of exhibit A and exhibit B are analyzed in parallel. The formal analysis of an art piece simply means that the form is the main object of scrutiny. Such aspects as color, line, space, and mass are analyzed in the first place. In most cases, there is certain symbolism behind each fragment of the piece of art, so they need to be analyzed carefully too. When analyzing a piece of art from a formal standpoint, be sure to address such questions as: The name of the artist.    The period when this piece of art was created.    The historic context behind the analyzed piece of art.   Background of the artist.   What is the physical condition of the work?   Is it typical for the period? What movement does it belong to? Pay attention to the details (lights, colors, technique etc). Are they in harmony? Depending on the piece of art you are looking at, you may utilize different approaches in writing your art essay. For example, if you are going to write about a piece of architecture, then you should mention aspects like materials, size, shape, function. If you are looking at a painting, you are mostly interested in colors, forms, line, the depicted object, symbolism, hues, and light. If you still have questions about writing an art essay or need one to be written, feel free to contact us or place an order.

New York Activist - Debating Park 51 Research Paper

New York Activist - Debating Park 51 - Research Paper Example The significance of the first amendment to the Park 51 debate remains undeniable. The debate revolves around the construction of an Islamic Community Center on the 51 Park place in Lower Manhattan in New York. The major problem arising from this construction is its proximity to the World Trade Center site. The World Trade Center site is under construction to replace the building lost in the 9/11 terrorist attack. The Islamic extremists claimed responsibility of the 9/11 attack that killed over 2500 people. Therefore, the majority of American citizens dispute the construction of an Islamic center two blocks away from the terrorist scene. The Cordoba Initiative, responsible for the construction of the Islamic Community Center aims to create a place where all the religions interact. The 16 story building contains a 2 story prayer space open to anyone from any religion. People supporting the construction of the building argue using a constitutional point. They believe that the first amen dment of the constitution allows the Muslims to construct a mosque or a community center in America. The supporters also view the community center as an avenue for healing and reconciliation after the events of 9/11. However, the opponents of the construction of the Islamic Center argue appealing to an emotional point of view. The opponents feel that the building displays insensitivity and disrespect to 9/11 victims. They think that the surrounding territory around the World Trade Center should remain a sacred place of mourning for lives lost, without the irritating presence of a mosque. The spiritual leader of the Islamic community center, Imam Feisal Abdul Rauf, also raises controversy. While the leader professes to be a moderate Muslim, he appears to support Muslim extremists. His protection of Muslim extremist in public on many occasions raises questions about his good intentions. Imam Rauf attended a CNN interview conducted by Soledad O’Brien. In the interview he seemed evasive on the issue of the Hamas (Butler, Grant and Randall 24). He failed to clearly state whether he thought their acts were terrorist or not. Newt Gingrich commented on the issue of Park 51 saying, â€Å"Nazis don’t have a right to put up a sign next to the Holocaust Museum in Washington†. This comment found its way into an article by Timothy Garton Ash in the Guardian Newspaper. However, the proponents of the building responded by pointing out an incident of 1977. At the time, neo-Nazis peacefully demonstrated in a holocaust survivor’s occupied neighborhood. This happened with the authorization of the United States Supreme Court respecting the constitution’s first amendment. The opinion polls in America proved that 61% of Americans and 77% of New York residents opposed the construction of a mosque on the territory next to Park 51. Proponents insist the community center, which will also have a gym, culinary school, restaurant, swimming court, basketba ll court, child care facilities and a library among others, affirms America is a free country that respects its constitution. Meanwhile, the opponents of Park 51 like former New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani doubt the goodness of constructing the center. He speculates that the construction of Park 51 creates further divisiveness between American and Muslims. More than a half of America takes offence of the proximity of Park 51 to the World Trade Center, hence constructing it might result not in reconciliation, but in divisiveness. Other opponents of the construction like Donald Trump think the Islamic center signifies victory of the 9/11 attack. RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY

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Climate Change Will Affect Invertebrates And Vertebrates Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Change Will Affect Invertebrates And Vertebrates Environmental Sciences Essay Global climate change is predicted to cause temperatures to increase by 1.4-5.8ËÅ ¡C by the year 2100. This will likely have a profound impact upon many land animals. Here, four animal groups were selected for review; amphibians, insects, polar bears and birds. Many species will most probably move further north, where conditions will be cooler. Changes in breeding will occur, with many species breeding earlier, as already demonstrated by amphibian and bird species. Higher temperatures are likely to benefit insects, causing higher metabolic rates and increasing their numbers. Alternatively, a warmer future for polar bears doesnt look promising. With rapid loss of sea-ice, many individuals are suffering, as obtaining food is becoming increasingly difficult. Predicting the likely impacts of climate change is complex as each species will be affected differently. Further research is needed to predict the impacts of rainfall patterns and extreme weather events upon the survival of lan d animals. Abstract 2 Global climate change is well under way, with global mean annual temperatures set to increase by 1.4-5.8ËÅ ¡C by the year 2100. This major environmental change has the ability to influence both species distribution and extinction rates. Here, four animal taxa were selected for review; amphibians, insects, polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and birds. Northern distribution shifts are likely to become increasingly common across all groups as species exploit new habitats and seek cooler conditions. Phenological changes will take place such as earlier breeding in amphibians and birds, though it is uncertain about what this will mean for their persistence. Climate-facilitated diseases may influence extinctions, such as Saprolegnia ferax, which causes mortality in amphibian embryos. Higher temperatures are likely to benefit insects, causing an increase in flight-dependent activities. Alternatively, a warmer future for polar bears doesnt look promising. With rapid loss of sea-ice, the body conditions of many individuals are declining, and desperate foraging strategies such as cannibalism have been reported. Predicting climate induced effects is complex as responses will be specie-specific and potential evolutionary adaptations need to be taken into account. Further research is needed to predict the impacts of precipitation and extreme weather events upon the fitness of terrestrial species. 1.0 Introduction Long term global climate change is currently at the forefront of scientific interest. Climatic variation is undoubtedly a natural process, but the balance of evidence available suggests that excessive human activity has been the dominant reason for the recently observed dramatic changes in climate (Telemeco et al, 2009). Records have shown that since the 1970s, global mean annual temperatures have increased significantly, rising by approximately 0.15ËÅ ¡C per decade (Beaumont and Hughes, 2002). It has been predicted that this trend will continue, and global mean annual temperatures are likely to have increased by 1.4-5.8 ËÅ ¡C by the year 2100 (op.cit). Some researchers believe that such temperature rises will be the largest anthropogenic disturbance ever placed upon natural ecosystems (Deutsch et al, 2008). Whilst this warming has received a great deal of attention, changes in precipitation patterns and the frequency of extreme weather events will accompany this temperatur e variation. These recently devised predictions are causing immense concern amongst scientists, because assuming that they are correct, the biodiversity across the globe will be altered significantly. Distribution, the geographical occurrence or range of an organism, is mostly controlled by climate, and therefore, it is anticipated that this will be notably affected in numerous species (Pearson and Dawson, 2003). Studies have shown that global climate change has already taken effect and has been the cause of numerous distribution shifts observed in a variety of organisms during the past 30 years (Thomas et al, 2004). A study carried out by Hitch and Leberg (2006) found that distributions of North American bird species were moving significantly further north, most probably as a result of increasing temperatures. The extent to which animals react to global climate change, whether it be through changing their distribution or reacting in others ways, will depend largely upon several fac tors. The first is the geographical location of the species and the second being the presence of particular biological traits. These traits are related to factors such as genetic make-up, ecology and life history stages, influencing an individuals vulnerability to climate change. Specific traits include dependence upon a particular microhabitat, dispersal limitation due to geographical barriers and low genetic diversity (Foden et al, 2008).Therefore, not all species will respond in similar ways, even when exposed to the same climatic conditions, meaning that the persistence of some species will be threatened more than others. Extinction, due to climate change, will be the likely reality for some species, and it has been estimated that 15-37% of terrestrial species will be committed to extinction by the year 2050 (Thomas et al, 2004). Research is currently very much centred on trying to identify those most at risk and looking for possible ways to reduce predicted extinction rates. Th ough much effort is being made, minimizing the emission of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide, is the single ultimate action which could save a vast number of species (op.cit). The publication of a growing number of studies regarding extinction in relation to climate change is making humans increasingly aware of the vital actions that need to be taken in an attempt to conserve the earths biodiversity. 1.1 Aims The aim of this review is to evaluate how global climate change will affect the distribution and status of both terrestrial vertebrate and invertebrate species. Status is quite a broad term but in context of biology and hence this review, it primarily refers to conservation status; examining how likely the animal is to become extinct in the future. Predicting the status of an organism is complicated and requires information regarding various aspects of its ecology, such as its habitat, foraging strategy and breeding behaviour. Research concerning a variety of animal groups will be examined, so that a wide range of potential effects across the animal kingdom can be identified. Here, four taxonomic groupings have been selected for review, due to their high vulnerability to climate change and/or high environmental importance. These taxa are also heavily represented in the available literature. The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) has been focused on due to its rapidly changing ice habitat. Insects and amphibians were selected mainly due to their ectothermic nature and are therefore highly sensitive to temperature. Finally birds were chosen due to their close association with climate, especially in migratory species. Although not every animal class has been reviewed, it is hoped that this literature review can provide a balanced evaluation with regards to an area of science which is causing both increased social interest and concern at the present time. 2.0 Amphibians It is widely accepted that amphibian populations are declining dramatically around the globe, with an estimated 43% of the total species currently in decline (Lips et al, 2008). This has prompted a satisfactory number of studies, which have researched the possible factors responsible for amphibian reductions (Corn, 2005). Though climate change as a cause was considered relatively understudied in 2003, it has since received an increasing amount of attention (Carey and Alexander, 2003). Amphibians are terrestrial ectotherms, having life history stages which are very much sensitive to both environmental temperature and precipitation (op.cit). This suggests that they should be highly vulnerable to climate change, but past records have shown that existing amphibians have descended from ancestors that were able to cope with climatic extremes and variability (op.cit). Nevertheless, it still remains highly important to discover if, and how these animals will be affected by global climate cha nge in the future. Understanding links between amphibian distribution and climate change is essential for their conservation, though relatively few studies have investigated this. Girardello et al (2010) undertook a study in an attempt to discover the likely implications of climate change on the distribution of amphibians in Italy. It was confirmed that climate greatly affects species distribution and precipitation plays a crucial role in determining range shifts (op.cit). Negative predictions were made in that the distributions of many amphibian species could reduce considerably. Mediterranean species such as Rana temporaria and those found in mountain habitats are of a main concern, as it was found that their distributions could decrease, despite the fact they may well colonize new areas (op.cit). One of the reasons for this is that many species in these particular locations are highly climate specialised (op.cit). Therefore, any small changes in climate could prove to be damaging in terms of their distributions. Distribution reductions are not only predicted for species in Italy but for those in other countries too. It is expected that the golden striped salamander (Chioglossa lusitanica), native to Spain and Portugal, will constrict its distribution between the years 2050 and 2080 (Corn, 2005). Research regarding 42 amphibian species throughout Europe produced somewhat more promising conclusions. It was found that temperature predictions for 2050 are not likely to be a major threat to this group of animals, and it was also concluded that they can be expected to expand their distribution (ArauÃÅ' jo et al, 2006). This is due to the fact that the warming of northern European areas will create new habitats, which species can exploit (op.cit). However, this will only be possible if the ability to disperse is unlimited. (Figure 1 illustrates the predicted species extinctions with no dispersal/unlimited dispersal in Italy). The involvements of factors which prevent or reduce dispersal, such as habitat loss, will only decrease range size, possibly contributing to amphibian population declines in the future (op.cit). Figure 1 Projected amphibian species losses (no dispersal) and gains (unlimited dispersal) in Italy, Girardello et al (2010). Unfortunately, it appears likely that during the time leading up to 2050, habitats will be further fragmented and destroyed. This does, however, assist current conservation, indicating that to aid the persistence of amphibian species; both existing and potential habitats must be protected and managed in a way that will allow optimum dispersal. Given that the current conservation status of 32% of known amphibian species is either threatened or extinct, understanding their relationship with climate change is vitally necessary (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ initiatives/ amphibians/ analysis). There are various ways in which a changing climate could affect the status of amphibian species, through both direct and indirect methods. For climate to have a direct negative effect, the levels of temperature, moisture and UVB (ultraviolet-b) radiation would need to exceed the lethal limit of a given species (Carey Alexander, 2003). Although recent studies have shown a correlation between amphibia n declines and climate change, there has been little evidence to suggest that amphibians have been subjected to lethal levels of environmental variables (op.cit; Corn, 2005). There are a number of ways in which climate change could indirectly affect individuals. Successful breeding is essential to ensure the survival of any species. It has been suggested that climate change could interfere with reproduction by causing breeding to occur earlier. Tryjanowski et al (2003) found that the first spawning dates of R.temporaria and Bufo bufo shifted 8-9 days earlier between 1978 and 2002; correlating with warmer spring temperatures. This could be both detrimental and beneficial. It may provide more time for growth whilst reducing exposure to UVB radiation (Corn, 2005). On the other hand, it could also cause exposure to extreme spring temperatures (op.cit). Whilst some studies have shown significant trends towards earlier breeding, there have also been a similar proportion of findings conclu ding that climate has no influence upon breeding time (op.cit). Disease has been positively identified as a major cause for amphibian declines, and climate change could potentially facilitate the spread of infectious diseases, causing species to become more susceptible (Lips et al, 2008). Chytridiomycosis is a disease caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, and has been responsible for amphibian extinctions (Carey and Alexander, 2003). However, Lips et al (2008) found no evidence that climate change is the cause behind outbreaks of this disease. The chytrid fungus most likely prefers cooler temperatures and requires an aquatic environment for transmission (Corn, 2005). Therefore, the current trend towards a drier, warmer climate is not likely to encourage outbreaks of this disease (op.cit). A second fungus, Saprolegnia ferax, has been reported to cause mortality in particular amphibian species. Bufo boreas appears to only be susceptible to this pathogen in the presence of UVB radiation. Kiesecker et al (2001) concluded that low levels of precipitation during El Nià ±o southern oscillation years caused the embryos of B.boreas to develop in shallower water. This in turn exposed them to extreme UVB radiation and as a consequence, the fungus caused mortality (op.cit). Although the association between current amphibian declines and climate remains uncertain, future climate change will inevitably provide serious challenges for amphibians. Whilst many of these challenges can be scientifically predicted, predicting how species will react proves to be more complex. Unfortunately, only time will tell which species will survive and which species will fail to persist under the pressure of a rapidly change global climate. 3.0 Insects Insects are the most abundant group of animals on the planet, making up two thirds of all described extant animal species (Stange and Ayres, 2010). Like amphibians, insects are ectothermic so are also strongly influenced by external temperature and other climatic factors. They are extremely important within natural ecosystems due to their position at the bottom of the food chain, and play vital roles in processes such as decomposition and pollination. Insects also have economic involvements, with some species acting as pests and vectors of diseases. Therefore, research focusing on how insects respond to climate change is beneficial for both the natural environment and human economy. Since the 1990s many studies regarding insects in connection to climate change have been carried out (Musolin, 2007). It is expected to exert powerful effects upon abundance, physiology and distribution, with effects becoming more prominent as the severity of climate change increases (Stange and Ayres, 20 10). A change in the distribution of insects has been one of the most frequently reported responses (Musolin, 2007). Those species living in northern temperate regions appear to be expanding their range northwards or moving to higher altitudes (Maes et al, 2010). Such shifts in distribution have been recorded in a vast number of species. In the year 2000, the distribution of the Southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula) in Japan was found to have moved 70km further north of that recorded in the early 1960s (op.cit). Other Heteroptera species, such as those living in Southern Europe, have been recently discovered in the north, probably as a result of climatic variation (op.cit). In Britain, species of Orthoptera have also extended their range. The unusually warm summers of 1989/1990 caused the distribution of the long winged conehead (Conocephalus discolor) in north-western Europe to progress north and east (Cannon, 1998). The distribution of Lepidoptera has been well documented, ow ing to this groups high fecundity and dispersal ability, allowing distribution to be followed over a relatively short time period (Roy and Sparks, 2000). Observations of Lepidoptera species have been carried out for over 20 years in Finland and prominent northern range expansions have been recorded (Stange and Ayres, 2010). With many distribution shifts having already occurred, it is relatively easy to predict how a warmer future will affect present insect distributions. Range expansion towards the poles is most likely to become increasingly common, as insects seek out new habitats. A change in geographical distribution is just one way in which climate change has influenced, and will continue to influence, insects. A broad range of additional climate change induced effects, revealed through recent studies, will most likely impact upon the future survival and fitness of many species. High temperature reduces the time that is needed for insects to raise their body temperature to the f light activity threshold (Beaumont and Hughes, 2002). As an outcome of this, there may be an increase in activities that rely upon flight, such as mate location and egg laying (op.cit). As a result, many of the predicted impacts upon butterfly species have been positive. However, other aspects of climate change, such as drought, may have undesired effects. Prolonged arid conditions can have a negative impact upon host plant growth and egg survival (Roy and Sparks, 2000). One of the most recognized changes observed in butterflies is advancement in their first appearance (op.cit). This has been observed in most British butterfly species, showing a strong correlation with elevated temperatures. It has been predicted that per 1ËÅ ¡C temperature increase, the first appearance of butterflies could advance by 2-10 days (op.cit). Advances in appearance have also been demonstrated in other insect groups. One month advancement in the spring appearance of Heteroptera species was found in Japan, and was also a consequence of soaring temperatures (Musolin, 2007). Other responses noted in insects include behavioural responses in Heteroptera, though they havent been frequently discovered. In Italy, a large number of seed bugs entered urban buildings during the summer. Apparently, this was done in an attempt to escape the harsh high summer temperatures and to find more suitable conditions for aestivation (op.cit). The diversities of dragonfly, butterfly and grasshopper species are expected to decrease in Belgium, if the predicted climate scenarios for 2100 are correct (Maes, 2010). Mortality can be one of the direct consequences of temperature as insects have specie-specific upper and lower temperature limits. In peacock (Inachis io) and comma (Polygonia c-album) butterflies, the proportions of individuals reaching adulthood differed dramatically with varying temperature (Bryant et al, 1997). 60% survived at 15-30ËÅ ¡C, 0% at 9ËÅ ¡C and 20-40% at 34ËÅ ¡C ( op.cit). Whilst such implications of global climate change are worrying, there may be some potential benefits. Metabolic rate is expected to double with each 10ËÅ ¡C increase and mortality due to cold temperatures during the winter many reduce (Stange and Ayres, 2010). An increase in insect abundance is most probable and can be supported by recent outbreaks such as the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) in Central Europe (Cannon, 1998). The extent to which insects are susceptible to extinction will depend partly upon their geographical location. Those inhabiting the tropics are likely to be most at risk as they are highly sensitive to temperature and are already living fairly close to their upper thermal limits (Deutsch et al, 2008). Population growth rates in the tropics are predicted to decrease by up to 20%, further reducing fitness (op.cit). Biological traits which will cause species to have a greater extinction risk include reduced dispersal ability and low temperature toleranc e. (op.cit). Most species which possess such characteristics inhabit low latitude areas. Unfortunately, whilst tropical areas are the most vulnerable, they are also the parts of the world which harbour the greatest biodiversity. In comparison, those insects in mid-high latitude areas are expected to experience increased population growth rates (op.cit). At higher latitudes, organisms are living at temperatures that are cooler than their optimum temperatures, so global warming could potentially enhance their fitness (op.cit). It can be seen that much effort has been made in an attempt to understand the links between insects and global climate change, and research will continue to try and establish which species are of greatest conservation concern. However, a key consideration which will play a role in extinctions is the extent to which species will be able to adapt (Cannon, 1998). Unfortunately, this is tremendously complicated to predict and as a result, many studies often overlook , or some have even exaggerated potential evolutionary adaptations. During the quaternary period, large-scale fluctuations in climate occurred, but the insect fossil record provides no evidence for large-scale evolutionary change during this time (op.cit). Many studies have also focused heavily upon temperature effects and have poorly investigated how rainfall and moisture could impact insects. However, this is mainly due to lack of information, as making predictions about rainfall patterns is relatively difficult. It can be expected that climate change will increase the abundance and distribution of the majority of insects but it must be remembered that responses will be specie-specific and care must be taken to avoid over-generalising predicted responses. Effort must be made to enhance our understandings, whilst aiming to fill current gaps in knowledge. 4.0 Polar Bears The polar bear is often regarded as a marine mammal. Although this animal is quite efficient at exploiting marine habitats, it cannot survive within marine waters. Therefore this large predator can be more appropriately referred to as a terrestrial mammal as it lacks the specific adaptations possessed by true marine mammals such seals. Arctic sea-ice is critical to the survival of polar bears, as they depend upon it for numerous aspects of their ecology (Sterling and Derocher, 1993). It acts as a substrate on which to make long distance movements, provides access to maternal denning areas and is a platform for mating (op.cit). Most importantly, the ice allows polar bears to hunt and feed upon their primary prey; ringed seals (Pusa hispida) and bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) (Regehr et al, 2010). Therefore, changes to sea-ice habitat are expected to have a dramatic impact upon the survival and reproduction of individuals, ultimately affecting the status of the polar bear as a spe cies. With global climate change well underway, changes to arctic ice have already been documented. Since 1978, 14% of the total amount of ice cover has already been lost (Derocher et al, 2004). Thinning of ice is occurring and sea ice is breaking earlier in the year and freezing later. It has been speculated that in as little as 100 years, the arctic ice cap may disappear completely (Sterling and Derocher, 1993). Numerous studies have demonstrated how changes in sea-ice, undoubtedly influenced by rising global temperatures, are causing polar bears to suffer as a result. Polar bears prefer to hunt on ice which lies over the continental shelf, as the waters here are more productive than arctic basin waters (Regeher et al, 2010). Therefore, longer ice free periods over this area could lead to reduced foraging success and in turn could impact survival and reproduction. Between 2001 and 2005, declines in polar bear survival were observed (op.cit). This observation was linked to longer i ce free periods over the continental shelf. It forced individuals to spend more time hunting on ice situated over less productive waters and caused some to seek alternative prey on land (Stirling and Parkinson, 2006). In western Hudson Bay, Canada, the sea-ice now melts completely each year, giving polar bears no other choice but to spend a proportion of the year ashore (Regehr et al, 2010). Individuals on land suffer food shortages. Ice free periods in 2004 and 2005 were associated with rare behaviour (op.cit). There were incidences of cannibalism and even starvation, indicating the severity of food unavailability (op.cit). In addition, living on land increases the exposure to humans, further enhancing their risk (Sterling and Derocher, 1993). Research concerning female polar bears has produced somewhat disturbing conclusions. Not only are the weights of females decreasing (figure 2), reducing cub survival and reproduction rates, but it is expected that within 100 years most female s in Western Hudson Bay will be unable to reach the minimum body mass required to rear viable offspring (Derocher et al, 2004). Figure 2 Mean estimated mass of lone (and thus possibly pregnant) adult female polar bears in Western Hudson Bay,1980-2004 (dashed line indicates fit of linear regression), (Sterling and Parkinson, 2006). Thinning of ice is also occurring due to climate change. Thinner ice moves more quickly which could mean that polar bears need to use more energy to stay in contact with their preferred habitats (Derocher et al, 2004). Ice of reduced thickness also breaks up more easily. It has been shown that polar bears completely abandon ice and move to land when the concentration of ice drops below 50% (Derocher et al, 2004). This is most probably due to the increased costs of locomotion which are associated with walking over fragmented ice (op.cit). Considering that ice is required for long-distance movements, changes in ice may influence the distribution of polar bears. Large areas of open water due to lack of ice in addition to strong currents, may function as barriers, preventing the movement of polar bears, as implicated in South-eastern Baffin Island and Eastern Beaufort Sea (Sterling and Derocher, 1993). Through the assessment of a variety of studies, it can be seen that the future for pol ar bears within the midst of climate change does not look hopeful. They are highly specialised mammals, are already listed as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act and their habitat is declining rapidly (Derocher, 2010). The population most at risk is that in Beaufort Sea, as it is experiencing severe nutritional stress. Drastic declines for this population are predicted and it may even vanish by the end of the century (Hunter, 2010). However, research has shown that there is still time to avoid such a scenario, providing effort is made to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This indicates that the future of this species lies solely in the hands of policy makers, who have the supremacy to implement the nesseccary changes needed for not only the preservation of this species, but for many more too. 5.0 Birds Local variation in climate has long been recognised as an important factor affecting birds, but addressing how they will cope with long-term global climate change has only recently been attempted (Crick, 2004). Migratory birds have been of great interest, and this isnt surprising, considering that regular long-distance flights enable individuals to exploit various climates in different locations around the globe. Warmer winters are predicted to cause a slight increase in the number of short-distance migrant and resident bird species, whilst there will be a strong decline in the number of long-distance migrants (Lemoine and BoÃÅ'ˆhning-Gaese, 2003). This will likely be due to the increased competition resulting from resident bird species benefiting from the warmer conditions (op.cit). Migratory birds are also thought to be affected by mistiming, a result of climate change. This is when birds fail to breed at the time when their main food supply is most abundant (Both et al, 2006) . A study concerning the long-distance migratory pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) showed that populations declined by 90% in 20 years as a consequence of this (op.cit). However, on a more positive note, it has been suggested that migratory birds are faced with a lower extinction risk that sedentary species, due to their high mobility (Sekercioglu et al, 2008). With the forecast of an intermediate climate change scenario (surface warming of 2.8ËÅ ¡C), it can be expected that 5% of sedentary species will become extinct, compared to 1% of long-distance migrants (op.cit). Global climate change appears to be causing birds to lay their eggs earlier. Data derived from the British Trust of Ornithology Nest Record Scheme revealed that 51 UK species showed trends towards earlier laying over a 25 year period (Crick, 2004). These trends were apparent throughout a variety of bird groupings including seed eaters, corvids and water birds (op.cit). The pied flycatcher exhibited an increase in egg and clutch size when eggs were laid earlier, indicating that warmer temperatures may be advantageous (op.cit). By the year 2080, it has been estimated that laying dates will be earlier for 75% of bird species (Crick and Sparks, 1999). This is a positive prediction as the advancement of laying dates suggests that birds are coping with temperature rises (Both et al, 2004). It may also mean that the incidence of mistiming may be reduced as the timing of hatching will be brought closer to that of peak food supply. In terms of distribution, elevational distribution shifts are probable. Pounds et al (1999) studied the mountain cloud forests of Costa Rica. It was shown that global warming had caused the average altitude at the base of the orographic cloud base to rise. This resulted in the colonization of previously cloud forest areas by birds from lower altitudes (Crick, 2004). There are concerns that such changes could have a detrimental impact upon some species. Through modellin g in the UK it has been suggested that species such as the snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis) may contract their range or even vanish from current breeding areas in the mountainous zones of the Grampians, Scotland (op.cit). Sekercioglu et al (2008) undertook a study to discover the impact of elevational limitations on the extinction risk of land birds (87% of all bird species). It was found that limitations in elevation actually accounted for 97% of the probability of a species being in a World Conservation Union category of extinction risk (op.cit). Using a model that combined elevational limitations and four habitat loss scenarios, it was predicted that 400-550 avian land species will be extinct and a further 2150 will be at risk, under an intermediate climate change scenario for 2100 (Figure 3 and Figure 4). Figure 3 The number of world landbird species estimated to be extinct by 2100, on the basis of different surface warming estimates, three possible shifts in lower elevational limit and four Millennium Assessment habitat change scenarios (Sekercioglu et al, 2008). Figure 4 The number of world landbird species estimated to be at risk of extinction (near threatened or threatened) by 2100, on the basis of different surface warming estimates, three possible shifts in lower elevational limit and four Millennium Assessment habitat change scenarios (Sekercioglu et al, 2008). 6.0 Conclusion Although most responses to global climate change are expected to be specie-specific, potential distributional changes appear to be quite uniform. Northern distribution shifts are likely to become increasingly common as species seek cooler climates. Elevational distributional changes will also occur, though elevational limitations in birds may increase their extinction risk. Impacts may range from phenological changes such as earlier breeding, to mortality resulting from temperatures exceeding thermal limits. Insects could potentia